Minimization of surprisal data through application of hierarchy of reference genomes

ABSTRACT

A method, computer product, and computer system of minimizing surprisal data comprising: at a source, reading and identifying characteristics of a genetic sequence of an organism; receiving an input of rank of at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; generating a hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics based on the rank of the at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; comparing the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics to a repository of reference genomes; and if at least one reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics, comparing nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism to nucleotides from the at least one matched reference genome, to obtain differences and create surprisal data.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to minimizing surprisal data generated when compared to a reference genome and more specifically to minimizing surprisal data through application of a hierarchy of reference genomes.

DNA gene sequencing of a human, for example, generates about 3 billion (3×10⁹) nucleotide bases. Currently all 3 billion nucleotide base pairs are transmitted, stored and analyzed, with each base pair typically represented as two bits. The storage of the data associated with the sequencing is significantly large, requiring at least 3 gigabytes of computer data storage space to store the entire genome, which includes only nucleotide sequenced data and no other data or information, such as annotations. If the entire genome includes other information, such as annotations, the genome may require terabytes worth of storage. The movement of the data between institutions, laboratories and research facilities is hindered by the significantly large amount of data, the significant amount of storage necessary to contain the data, and the resources necessary to directly transmit the data. For example, some research facilities can spend upwards of $2 million dollars for transmitting genetic data and sending genetic data that is large, for example terabytes of data, that includes annotations and specifics regarding the genetic sequence or genome. The transfer of a genetic sequence that is very large can take a significant amount of time over a network data processing system.

SUMMARY

According to one embodiment of the present invention a method of minimizing surprisal data. The method comprising the steps of: at a source, a computer reading and identifying characteristics of a genetic sequence of an organism; the computer receiving an input of rank of at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; the computer generating a hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics based on the rank of the at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; the computer comparing the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics to a repository of reference genomes; and if at least one reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics, i) the computer storing the at least one matched reference genome in a repository; ii) the computer comparing nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism to nucleotides from the at least one matched reference genome, to find differences where nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the at least one matched reference genome; the computer using the differences to create surprisal data and store the surprisal data in the repository, the surprisal data comprising a starting location of the differences within the reference genome, and the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the reference genome; repeating steps (i)-(iii) if a another reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, a computer program product for minimizing surprisal data. The computer program product comprising: one or more computer-readable, tangible storage devices; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to, at a source, read and identify characteristics of a genetic sequence of an organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to receive an input of rank of at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to generate a hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics based on the rank of the at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to compare the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics to a repository of reference genomes; and program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, that if at least one reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics, program instructions to: i) store the at least one matched reference genome in a repository; ii) compare nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism to nucleotides from the at least one matched reference genome, to find differences where nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the at least one matched reference genome; and iii) use the differences to create surprisal data and store the surprisal data in the repository, the surprisal data comprising a starting location of the differences within the reference genome, and the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the reference genome; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to repeat steps (i)-(iii) if a another reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, a computer system for minimizing the surprisal data. The computer system comprising: one or more processors, one or more computer-readable memories and one or more computer-readable, tangible storage devices; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to compare nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism to nucleotides from a reference genome, to, at a source, read and identify characteristics of a genetic sequence of an organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to receive an input of rank of at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to generate a hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics based on the rank of the at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to compare the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics to a repository of reference genomes; and program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, that if at least one reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics, program instructions to i) store the at least one matched reference genome in a repository; ii) compare nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism to nucleotides from the at least one matched reference genome, to find differences where nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the at least one matched reference genome; and iii) use the differences to create surprisal data and store the surprisal data in the repository, the surprisal data comprising a starting location of the differences within the reference genome, and the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the reference genome; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to repeat steps (i)-(iii) if a another reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary diagram of a possible data processing environment in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented.

FIGS. 2-3 show a flowchart of a method of minimizing the surprisal data by comparing a sequence to a hierarchy of reference genomes based on identified characteristics.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic of the re-creation of an organism genome sequence using a reference genome and surprisal data.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic overview of a method of data surprisal data reduction of genetic data for transmission, storage, and analysis according to an illustrative embodiment.

FIG. 6 illustrates internal and external components of a client computer and a server computer in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The illustrative embodiments of the present invention recognize that the difference between the genetic sequence from two humans is about 0.1%, which is one nucleotide difference per 1000 base pairs or approximately 3 million nucleotide differences. The difference may be a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between members of a biological species), or the difference might involve a sequence of several nucleotides. The illustrative embodiments recognize that most SNPs are neutral but some, 3-5%, are functional and influence phenotypic differences between species through alleles. Furthermore, approximately 10 to 30 million SNPs exist in the human population, of which at least 1% are functional. The illustrative embodiments also recognize that with the small amount of differences present between the genetic sequence from two humans, the “common” or “normally expected” sequences of nucleotides can be compressed out or removed to arrive at “surprisal data”-differences of nucleotides which are “unlikely” or “surprising” relative to the common sequences. The dimensionality of the data reduction that occurs by removing the “common” sequences is 10³, such that the number of data items and, more importantly, the interaction between nucleotides, is also reduced by a factor of approximately 10³—that is, to a total number of nucleotides remaining on the order of 10³. The illustrative embodiments also recognize that by identifying what sequences are “common” or provide a “normally expected” value within a genome, and knowing what data is “surprising” or provides an “unexpected value” relative to the normally expected value, the only data needed to re-create the entire genome in a lossless manner is the surprisal data and the reference genome used to obtain the surprisal data. The illustrative embodiment of the present invention also recognizes that specific characteristics of diseases or underlying causes of diseases can and have been attributed to specific genes or nucleotides that are associated with specific reference genomes.

FIG. 1 is an exemplary diagram of a possible data processing environment provided in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented. It should be appreciated that FIG. 1 is only exemplary and is not intended to assert or imply any limitation with regard to the environments in which different embodiments may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environments may be made.

Referring to FIG. 1, network data processing system 51 is a network of computers in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented. Network data processing system 51 contains network 50, which is the medium used to provide communication links between various devices and computers connected together within network data processing system 51. Network 50 may include connections, such as wire, wireless communication links, or fiber optic cables.

In the depicted example, a client computer 52, server computer 54, and a repository 53 connect to network 50. In other exemplary embodiments, network data processing system 51 may include additional client computers, storage devices, server computers, and other devices not shown. The client computer 52 includes a set of internal components 800 a and a set of external components 900 a, further illustrated in FIG. 6. The client computer 52 may be, for example, a mobile device, a cell phone, a personal digital assistant, a netbook, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a desktop computer, a sequencing machine or any other type of computing device.

Client computer 52 may contain an interface 104. The interface can be, for example, a command line interface, a graphical user interface (GUI), or a web user interface (WUI). The interface may be used, for example for viewing an uncompressed sequence from a repository or an entire genome from a repository. The interface may also accept an input regarding a rank of at least two identified characteristics, to display a hierarchy of the inputted identified characteristics that is created, and/or to display matched reference genomes.

In the depicted example, server computer 54 provides information, such as boot files, operating system images, and applications to client computer 52. Server computer 54 can compute the information locally or extract the information from other computers on network 50. Server computer 54 includes a set of internal components 800 b and a set of external components 900 b illustrated in FIG. 6.

Program code, reference genomes, and programs such as a sequence to reference genome compare program 67, a genome creator program 66, and/or a characteristic hierarchy program 68 may be stored on at least one of one or more computer-readable tangible storage devices 830 shown in FIG. 6, on at least one of one or more portable computer-readable tangible storage devices 936 as shown in FIG. 6, or repository 53 connected to network 50, or downloaded to a data processing system or other device for use. For example, program code, reference genomes, and programs such as a sequence to reference genome compare program 67, characteristic hierarchy program 68 and/or a genome creator program 66 may be stored on at least one of one or more tangible storage devices 830 on server computer 54 and downloaded to client computer 52 over network 50 for use on client computer 52. Alternatively, server computer 54 can be a web server, and the program code, reference genomes, and programs such as a sequence to reference genome compare program 67, characteristic hierarchy program 68 and/or a genome creator program 66 may be stored on at least one of the one or more tangible storage devices 830 on server computer 54 and accessed on client computer 52. Sequence to reference genome compare program 67, characteristic hierarchy program 68 and/or genome creator program 66 can be accessed on client computer 52 through interface 104. In other exemplary embodiments, the program code, reference genomes, and programs such as sequence to reference genome compare program 67, characteristic hierarchy program 68 and genome creator program 66 may be stored on at least one of one or more computer-readable tangible storage devices 830 on client computer 52 or distributed between two or more servers.

FIGS. 2-3 show a flowchart of a method of minimizing the surprisal data by comparing a sequence to a hierarchy of reference genomes based on identified characteristics.

In a first step, characteristics of at least one genetic sequence of an organism are read and identified from a repository at a source (step 202), for example in repository 53 by the characteristic hierarchy program 68 as shown in FIG. 1. The characteristics may be, but are not limited to, facts regarding a medical history of the organism, demographics of the organism, diagnosed illnesses, and other such characteristics or identifying indicators. The uncompressed genetic sequence of an organism may be a DNA sequence, an RNA sequence, or a nucleotide sequence and may represent a sequence or a genome of an organism. The organism may be a fungus, microorganism, human, animal or plant.

An input of rank of at least two identified characteristics of a sequence of an organism is received from a user (step 204), for example through interface 104. The rank provides the relative value, weight or importance of identified specific characteristics. From the inputted rank of at least two identified characteristics, a hierarchy of identified characteristics is generated (step 206), for example by the characteristic hierarchy program 68.

The hierarchy of identified characteristics generated may be defined as a matter of order, with the order being between the identified characteristics, which are classified in different nested categories, or an ordered series of identified characteristics in which each terms is superior relative to a specific set of identified characteristics. The hierarchy can be: a simple linear hierarchy, a branching network of subcategories, and/or a nested hierarchy of categories.

For example, a hierarchy with a branching network of subcategories may have a primary category of diabetes mellitus and secondary categories of Type 1 [juvenile type] and Type 2 [adult onset]. It should be noted that the two types under the second category are mutually exclusive.

An example of a nested hierarchy of categories may have diabetes mellitus Type 1 [juvenile type] as a primary category and secondary categories of: diabetes with renal manifestations, diabetes with ophthalmic manifestations, diabetes with neurological manifestations, and diabetes with peripheral circulatory disorders. Note that a patient could have from zero to all of the secondary categories. The secondary categories could have additional inclusive or mutually exclusive categories. For example diabetes with neurological manifestations could have Tertiary Categories of: amyotrophy, gastroparalysis, gastroparesis, mononeuropathy, neurogenic arthropathy, peripheral autonomic neuropathy, polyneuropathy.

The hierarchy of identified characteristics is then compared to a repository of reference genomes (step 208). A reference genome is a digital nucleic acid sequence database which includes numerous sequences. The sequences of the reference genome do not represent any one specific individual's genome, but serve as a starting point for broad comparisons across a specific species, since the basic set of genes and genomic regulator regions that control the development and maintenance of the biological structure and processes are all essentially the same within a species. In other words, the reference genome is a representative example of a species' set of genes. As discussed above, specific characteristics of diseases or underlying causes of diseases can and have been attributed to specific genes or nucleotides that are associated with specific reference genomes.

If a match (step 210) is not present between at least one reference genome in the repository and the hierarchy generated of the identified characteristics, then, the method returns to step 204 of receiving an input of the rank of at least two identified characteristics of a sequence of an organism.

The user may set what is considered a match to the hierarchy through the interface, for example interface 104. For example, the user may set that a match between a reference genome and the hierarchy is only present if a match is found with the hierarch or the hierarch and a neighbor, and so on. Alternatively, a match may be based on a probability threshold.

If a match (step 210) is present between at least one reference genome in the repository and the hierarchy generated of the identified characteristics, the at least one matched reference genome is stored in a repository (step 212). The repository may be repository 53 or a separate repository.

A matched reference genome is then compared to a sequence of an organism to obtain surprisal data and the surprisal data and an indication of the matched reference genome used is stored in a repository (step 214), for example using a sequence to reference genome compare program 67. The surprisal data preferably includes a location of the difference within the reference genome, the number of nucleic acid bases that are different, and the actual changed nucleic acid bases. Including the number of bases which are different within the surprisal data that is compressed, provides a double check of the method by comparing the actual bases to the reference genome bases to confirm that the bases really are different.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic of the comparison of an organism sequence to a reference genome sequence to obtain surprisal data representing an organism's genome. The surprisal data that results from the comparison preferably consists of a location of a difference in the reference genome, the number of bases that were different at the location within the reference genome, and the actual bases that are different than bases in the reference genome at the location. For example, the surprisal data that resulted from comparing the organism sequence to the reference genome shown in FIG. 4 would be surprisal data consisting of: a difference at location 485 of the reference genome; four nucleic acid base differences relative to the reference genome, and the actual bases present in the sequence at the location, for example CAAT (instead of GTTA).

If another reference genome from the repository matched the hierarchy and a reference genome is to be compared to another reference genome (step 216), the method returns to step 214 and compares the matched reference genome to a sequence of an organism to obtain surprisal data and the surprisal data is stored in a repository.

If another reference genome from the repository does not match the hierarchy of identified characteristics and no other reference genomes are to be compared to the sequence (step 216), then an indication of the reference genomes compared to the sequence of the organism and the surprisal data is sent to a destination as a compressed genome of the organism (step 218). The indication of the reference genomes compared may also include the order in which the reference genomes were applied to the sequence from the organism.

For example, a user may wish to determine if at least one sequence of an organism yields surprisal data when compared to reference genomes that are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, but not chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A user may therefore assign a rank or weight of 0.6 to the identified characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus, a rank or weight of 0.3 to the identified characteristic of coronary artery disease and a rank or weight of 0.1 to COPD. A reference genome that is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and not COPD may be considered a match and would provide a narrowed, filtered amount of surprisal data. Another match could be a reference genome that is associated with coronary disease and not COPD. In this example, comparing the sequence of at least one organism to both matched reference genomes would maximize the “common” or “normally expected” sequences of nucleotides that can be compressed out and minimizes the surprisal data, such that the surprisal data that does result from the comparison to both matched reference genomes is increased in relevancy based on the user's input.

The indication of the reference genomes compared to the sequence of the organism and the surprisal data is received by the destination and stored in a repository (step 220). The indicated reference genomes are then retrieved from a repository (step 222), for example using a genome creator program 66.

From the surprisal data and the retrieved reference genomes, an entire genome of the organism is re-created by finding a location within at least one reference genome that was indicated as having a difference in the surprisal data and alters the bases of the reference genome to be the bases indicated by the surprisal data (step 224), for example by the genome creator program 66. In the example of FIG. 5, based on the surprisal data, a difference is present at location 485, this location is found in the reference genome and GTTA is changed to be CAAT as indicated by the surprisal data.

If more than one reference genome was used to generate the surprisal data (step 226), the method returns to step 222 of retrieving an indicated reference genome.

If more than one reference genome was not used to generate the surprisal data (step 226), the method ends.

The surprisal data may be verified by comparing the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism in the surprisal data to the nucleotides in the reference genome at the location. If all of the nucleotides in the surprisal data are different from the nucleotides in the reference genome, the surprisal data is verified. This verification may take place prior to step 218.

Alternatively, the verification may take place simultaneously with step 224 during the creation of the entire genome of an organism by a genome creator program 66. If some of the nucleotides in the surprisal data are the same as the nucleotides in the reference genome, the surprisal data has an error.

It should be noted that in FIGS. 4 and 5, only a portion of both the organism sequence and the reference genome are shown for clarity, and the sequences shown are chosen randomly and do not represent a real DNA sequence of any sort.

FIG. 6 illustrates internal and external components of client computer 52 and server computer 54 in which illustrative embodiments may be implemented. In FIG. 6, client computer 52 and server computer 54 include respective sets of internal components 800 a, 800 b, and external components 900 a, 900 b. Each of the sets of internal components 800 a, 800 b includes one or more processors 820, one or more computer-readable RAMs 822 and one or more computer-readable ROMs 824 on one or more buses 826, and one or more operating systems 828 and one or more computer-readable tangible storage devices 830. The one or more operating systems 828, sequence to reference genome compare program 67, characteristic hierarchy program 68 and genome creator program 66 are stored on one or more of the computer-readable tangible storage devices 830 for execution by one or more of the processors 820 via one or more of the RAMs 822 (which typically include cache memory). In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 6, each of the computer-readable tangible storage devices 830 is a magnetic disk storage device of an internal hard drive. Alternatively, each of the computer-readable tangible storage devices 830 is a semiconductor storage device such as ROM 824, EPROM, flash memory or any other computer-readable tangible storage device that can store a computer program and digital information.

Each set of internal components 800 a, 800 b also includes a R/W drive or interface 832 to read from and write to one or more portable computer-readable tangible storage devices 936 such as a CD-ROM, DVD, memory stick, magnetic tape, magnetic disk, optical disk or semiconductor storage device. Sequence to reference genome compare program 67, characteristic hierarchy program 68 and genome creator program 66 can be stored on one or more of the portable computer-readable tangible storage devices 936, read via R/W drive or interface 832 and loaded into hard drive 830.

Each set of internal components 800 a, 800 b also includes a network adapter or interface 836 such as a TCP/IP adapter card. Sequence to reference genome compare program 67, characteristic hierarchy program 68 or genome creator program 66 can be downloaded to client computer 52 and server computer 54 from an external computer via a network (for example, the Internet, a local area network or other, wide area network) and network adapter or interface 836. From the network adapter or interface 836, sequence to reference genome compare program 67, characteristic hierarchy program 68 and genome creator program 66 are loaded into hard drive 830. The network may comprise copper wires, optical fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers.

Each of the sets of external components 900 a, 900 b includes a computer display monitor 920, a keyboard 930, and a computer mouse 934. Each of the sets of internal components 800 a, 800 b also includes device drivers 840 to interface to computer display monitor 920, keyboard 930 and computer mouse 934. The device drivers 840, R/W drive or interface 832 and network adapter or interface 836 comprise hardware and software (stored in storage device 830 and/or ROM 824).

Sequence to reference genome compare program 67, characteristic hierarchy program 68 and genome creator program 66 can be written in various programming languages including low-level, high-level, object-oriented or non object-oriented languages. Alternatively, the functions of a sequence to reference genome compare program 67, characteristic hierarchy program 68 and genome creator program 66 can be implemented in whole or in part by computer circuits and other hardware (not shown).

Based on the foregoing, a computer system, method and program product have been disclosed for minimizing surprisal data. However, numerous modifications and substitutions can be made without deviating from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention has been disclosed by way of example and not limitation.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).

Aspects of the present invention are described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of minimizing surprisal data, the method comprising the steps of: a) at a source, a computer reading and identifying characteristics of a genetic sequence of an organism; b) the computer receiving an input of rank of at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; c) the computer generating a hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics based on the rank of the at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; d) the computer comparing the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics to a repository of reference genomes; and e) if at least one reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics, i) the computer storing the at least one matched reference genome in a repository; ii) the computer comparing nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism to nucleotides from the at least one matched reference genome, to find differences where nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the at least one matched reference genome; iii) the computer using the differences to create surprisal data and store the surprisal data in the repository, the surprisal data comprising a starting location of the differences within the reference genome, and the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the reference genome; repeating steps (e)(i), (e)(ii), and (e)(iii) if a another reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising the computer sending a compressed genome to a destination, the compressed genome comprising the surprisal data and the indication of the at least one matched reference genome, the compressed genome omitting sequences of nucleotides that are the same in the genetic sequence of the organism and the at least one matched reference genome.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising receiving the compressed genome of the organism comprising the steps of: a computer receiving the compressed genome from the source, the compressed genome comprising surprisal data and the indication of the at least one matched reference genome used to compress the genome; the computer retrieving the at least one indicated matched reference genome from a repository; and the computer altering the at least one matched reference genome based on the surprisal data by replacing nucleotides at each location in the at least one matched reference genome specified by the surprisal data with the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism in the surprisal data associated with the location; resulting in an entire genome of the organism repeating the steps of the computer retrieving the at least one indicated matched reference genome from a repository; and the computer altering the at least one matched reference genome based on the surprisal data by replacing nucleotides at each location in the at least one matched reference genome specified by the surprisal data with the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism in the surprisal data associated with the location; resulting in an entire genome of the organism, if a another reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics.
 4. The method of claim 1, in which the surprisal data further comprises a count of a number of differences at the location within the reference genome.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the organism is an animal.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the organism is a microorganism.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the organism is a plant.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the organism is a fungus.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the organism is a human.
 10. A computer program product comprising one or more computer-readable, tangible storage devices and computer-readable program instructions which are stored on the one or more storage devices and when executed by one or more processors, implement all the steps of claim
 1. 11. A computer system comprising one or more processors, one or more computer-readable memories, one or more computer-readable, tangible storage devices and program instructions which are stored on the one or more storage devices for execution by the one or more processors via the one or more memories and when executed by the one or more processors implement all the steps of claim
 1. 12. A computer program product for minimizing surprisal data, comprising: one or more computer-readable, tangible storage devices; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to, at a source, read and identify characteristics of a genetic sequence of an organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to receive an input of rank of at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to generate a hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics based on the rank of the at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to compare the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics to a repository of reference genomes; and program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, that if at least one reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics, program instructions to: i) store the at least one matched reference genome in a repository; ii) compare nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism to nucleotides from the at least one matched reference genome, to find differences where nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the at least one matched reference genome; and iii) use the differences to create surprisal data and store the surprisal data in the repository, the surprisal data comprising a starting location of the differences within the reference genome, and the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the reference genome; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to repeat steps (i)-(iii) if a another reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics.
 13. The computer program product of claim 12, further comprising program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to send a compressed genome to a destination, the compressed genome comprising the surprisal data and the indication of the at least one matched reference genome, the compressed genome omitting sequences of nucleotides that are the same in the genetic sequence of the organism and the at least one matched reference genome.
 14. The computer program product of claim 13, further comprising receiving the compressed genome of the organism comprising: program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to receive the compressed genome from the source, the compressed genome comprising surprisal data and the indication of the at least one matched reference genome used to compress the genome; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to retrieve the at least one indicated matched reference genome from a repository; and program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to alter the at least one matched reference genome based on the surprisal data by replacing nucleotides at each location in the at least one matched reference genome specified by the surprisal data with the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism in the surprisal data associated with the location; resulting in an entire genome of the organism program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to repeat the program instructions to retrieve the at least one indicated matched reference genome from a repository; and alter the at least one matched reference genome based on the surprisal data by replacing nucleotides at each location in the at least one matched reference genome specified by the surprisal data with the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism in the surprisal data associated with the location; resulting in an entire genome of the organism, if a another reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics.
 15. The computer program product of claim 12, in which the surprisal data further comprises a count of a number of differences at the location within the reference genome.
 16. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the organism is an animal.
 17. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the organism is a microorganism.
 18. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the organism is a plant.
 19. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the organism is a fungus.
 20. The computer program product of claim 12, wherein the organism is a human.
 21. A computer system for minimizing surprisal data comprising: one or more processors, one or more computer-readable memories and one or more computer-readable, tangible storage devices; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to compare nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism to nucleotides from a reference genome, to, at a source, read and identify characteristics of a genetic sequence of an organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to receive an input of rank of at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to generate a hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics based on the rank of the at least two identified characteristics of the genetic sequence of the organism; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to compare the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics to a repository of reference genomes; and program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, that if at least one reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics, program instructions to i) store the at least one matched reference genome in a repository; ii) compare nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism to nucleotides from the at least one matched reference genome, to find differences where nucleotides of the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the at least one matched reference genome; and iii) use the differences to create surprisal data and store the surprisal data in the repository, the surprisal data comprising a starting location of the differences within the reference genome, and the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism which are different from the nucleotides of the reference genome; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices, to repeat steps (i)-(iii) if a another reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics.
 22. The system of claim 21, further comprising program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to send a compressed genome to a destination, the compressed genome comprising the surprisal data and the indication of the at least one matched reference genome, the compressed genome omitting sequences of nucleotides that are the same in the genetic sequence of the organism and the at least one matched reference genome.
 23. The system of claim 22, further comprising receiving the compressed genome of the organism comprising: program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to receive the compressed genome from the source, the compressed genome comprising surprisal data and the indication of the at least one matched reference genome used to compress the genome; program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to retrieve the at least one indicated matched reference genome from a repository; and program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to alter the at least one matched reference genome based on the surprisal data by replacing nucleotides at each location in the at least one matched reference genome specified by the surprisal data with the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism in the surprisal data associated with the location; resulting in an entire genome of the organism program instructions, stored on at least one of the one or more storage devices for execution by at least one of the one or more processors via at least one of the one or more memories, to repeat the program instructions to retrieve the at least one indicated matched reference genome from a repository; and alter the at least one matched reference genome based on the surprisal data by replacing nucleotides at each location in the at least one matched reference genome specified by the surprisal data with the nucleotides from the genetic sequence of the organism in the surprisal data associated with the location; resulting in an entire genome of the organism, if a another reference genome from the repository matches the hierarchy of ranked, identified characteristics.
 24. The system of claim 21, in which the surprisal data further comprises a count of a number of differences at the location within the reference genome.
 25. The system of claim 21, wherein the organism is an animal.
 26. The system of claim 21, wherein the organism is a microorganism.
 27. The system of claim 21, wherein the organism is a plant.
 28. The system of claim 21, wherein the organism is a fungus.
 29. The system of claim 21, wherein the organism is a human. 